rule | gain |
---|---|
double amplifier wattage | +3 dB |
double number of speakers | +3 dB |
double distance from sound source | -6 dB |
halve distance from sound source | +6 dB |
double driver excursion | +6 dB (note: equiv to doubling wattage and # of speakers) |
drop down an octave | -12 dB (due to increased excursion requirements) |
put speaker on the floor | +3 dB half loading |
put speaker floor, against a wall | +6 dB quarter loading |
put speaker floor, wall, in corner | +9 dB eighth loading |
source | lines |
---|---|
VHS | 220 |
broadcast | 330 |
laserdisc | 425 |
DVD | 480 |
CCIR601 | 480 |
CD/LD linear PCM | AC3 | DTS | MPEG2 audio | SDDS | future PCM? | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sampling frequency | 44.1kHz | 48kHz | 48kHz | 48kHz | 48kHz | 48 / 96kHz |
bits per sample | 16 bits | compressed | compressed | compressed | compressed | 16 / 20 / 24 bits |
bit rate | 1411kbps | 640kbps max | 1536kbps | 1280kbps max | 912kbps max | 6144kbps |
number of channels | 2 | 5.1 max | 5.1 max | 7.1 max | 7.1 max | 8 max |
Hz | A (dB) | C (dB) |
---|---|---|
10 | -70.4 | -14.3 |
12.5 | -63.4 | -11.2 |
16 | -56.7 | -8.5 |
20 | -50.5 | -6.2 |
25 | -44.7 | -4.4 |
31.5 | -39.4 | -3.0 |
40 | -34.6 | -2.0 |
50 | -30.2 | -1.3 |
63 | -26.2 | -0.8 |
80 | -22.5 | -0.5 |
100 | -19.1 | -0.3 |
125 | -16.1 | -0.2 |
160 | -13.4 | -0.1 |
200 | -10.9 | 0.0 |
250 | -8.6 | 0.0 |
315 | -6.6 | 0.0 |
400 | -4.8 | 0.0 |
500 | -3.2 | 0.0 |
630 | -1.9 | 0.0 |
800 | -0.8 | 0.0 |
1000 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1250 | +0.6 | 0.0 |
1600 | +1.0 | -0.1 |
2000 | +1.2 | -0.2 |
2500 | +1.3 | -0.3 |
3150 | +1.2 | -0.5 |
4000 | +1.0 | -0.8 |
5000 | +0.5 | -1.3 |
6300 | -0.1 | -2.0 |
8000 | -1.1 | -3.0 |
10000 | -2.5 | -4.4 |
12500 | -4.3 | -6.2 |
16000 | -6.6 | -8.5 |
20000 | -9.3 | -11.2 |
note | octave | Hz |
---|---|---|
C | -3 | 2.0439 |
C# | -3 | 2.1655 |
D | -3 | 2.2943 |
Eb | -3 | 2.4307 |
E | -3 | 2.5752 |
F | -3 | 2.7283 |
F# | -3 | 2.8906 |
G | -3 | 3.0625 |
G# | -3 | 3.2446 |
A | -3 | 3.4375 |
Bb | -3 | 3.6419 |
B | -3 | 3.8585 |
C | -2 | 4.0879 |
C# | -2 | 4.3310 |
D | -2 | 4.5885 |
Eb | -2 | 4.8614 |
E | -2 | 5.1504 |
F | -2 | 5.4567 |
F# | -2 | 5.7812 |
G | -2 | 6.1249 |
G# | -2 | 6.4891 |
A | -2 | 6.8750 |
Bb | -2 | 7.2838 |
B | -2 | 7.7169 |
C | -1 | 8.1758 |
C# | -1 | 8.6620 |
D | -1 | 9.1770 |
Eb | -1 | 9.7227 |
E | -1 | 10.3009 |
F | -1 | 10.9134 |
F# | -1 | 11.5623 |
G | -1 | 12.2499 |
G# | -1 | 12.9783 |
A | -1 | 13.7500 |
Bb | -1 | 14.5676 |
B | -1 | 15.4339 |
C | 0 | 16.3516 |
C# | 0 | 17.3239 |
D | 0 | 18.3540 |
Eb | 0 | 19.4454 |
E | 0 | 20.6017 |
F | 0 | 21.8268 |
F# | 0 | 23.1247 |
G | 0 | 24.4997 |
G# | 0 | 25.9565 |
A | 0 | 27.5000 |
Bb | 0 | 29.1352 |
B | 0 | 30.8677 |
C | 1 | 32.7032 |
C# | 1 | 34.6478 |
D | 1 | 36.7081 |
Eb | 1 | 38.8909 |
E | 1 | 41.2034 |
F | 1 | 43.6535 |
F# | 1 | 46.2493 |
G | 1 | 48.9994 |
G# | 1 | 51.9131 |
A | 1 | 55.0000 |
Bb | 1 | 58.2705 |
B | 1 | 61.7354 |
C | 2 | 65.4064 |
C# | 2 | 69.2957 |
D | 2 | 73.4162 |
Eb | 2 | 77.7817 |
E | 2 | 82.4069 |
F | 2 | 87.3071 |
F# | 2 | 92.4986 |
G | 2 | 97.9989 |
G# | 2 | 103.8262 |
A | 2 | 110.0000 |
Bb | 2 | 116.5409 |
B | 2 | 123.4708 |
C | 3 | 130.8128 |
C# | 3 | 138.5913 |
D | 3 | 146.8324 |
Eb | 3 | 155.5635 |
E | 3 | 164.8138 |
F | 3 | 174.6141 |
F# | 3 | 184.9972 |
G | 3 | 195.9977 |
G# | 3 | 207.6523 |
A | 3 | 220.0000 |
Bb | 3 | 233.0819 |
B | 3 | 246.9417 |
C | 4 | 261.6256 |
C# | 4 | 277.1826 |
D | 4 | 293.6648 |
Eb | 4 | 311.1270 |
E | 4 | 329.6276 |
F | 4 | 349.2282 |
F# | 4 | 369.9944 |
G | 4 | 391.9954 |
G# | 4 | 415.3047 |
A | 4 | 440.0000 |
Bb | 4 | 466.1638 |
B | 4 | 493.8833 |
C | 5 | 523.2511 |
C# | 5 | 554.3653 |
D | 5 | 587.3295 |
Eb | 5 | 622.2540 |
E | 5 | 659.2551 |
F | 5 | 698.4565 |
F# | 5 | 739.9888 |
G | 5 | 783.9909 |
G# | 5 | 830.6094 |
A | 5 | 880.0000 |
Bb | 5 | 932.3275 |
B | 5 | 987.7666 |
C | 6 | 1046.5023 |
C# | 6 | 1108.7305 |
D | 6 | 1174.6591 |
Eb | 6 | 1244.5079 |
E | 6 | 1318.5102 |
F | 6 | 1396.9129 |
F# | 6 | 1479.9777 |
G | 6 | 1567.9817 |
G# | 6 | 1661.2188 |
A | 6 | 1760.0000 |
Bb | 6 | 1864.6550 |
B | 6 | 1975.5332 |
C | 7 | 2093.0045 |
C# | 7 | 2217.4610 |
D | 7 | 2349.3181 |
Eb | 7 | 2489.0159 |
E | 7 | 2637.0205 |
F | 7 | 2793.8259 |
F# | 7 | 2959.9554 |
G | 7 | 3135.9635 |
G# | 7 | 3322.4376 |
A | 7 | 3520.0000 |
Bb | 7 | 3729.3101 |
B | 7 | 3951.0664 |
C | 8 | 4186.0090 |
C# | 8 | 4434.9221 |
D | 8 | 4698.6363 |
Eb | 8 | 4978.0317 |
E | 8 | 5274.0409 |
F | 8 | 5587.6517 |
F# | 8 | 5919.9108 |
G | 8 | 6271.9270 |
G# | 8 | 6644.8752 |
A | 8 | 7040.0000 |
Bb | 8 | 7458.6202 |
B | 8 | 7902.1328 |
C | 9 | 8372.0181 |
C# | 9 | 8869.8442 |
D | 9 | 9397.2726 |
Eb | 9 | 9956.0635 |
E | 9 | 10548.0818 |
F | 9 | 11175.3034 |
F# | 9 | 11839.8215 |
G | 9 | 12543.8540 |
G# | 9 | 13289.7503 |
A | 9 | 14080.0000 |
Bb | 9 | 14917.2404 |
B | 9 | 15804.2656 |
C | 10 | 16744.0362 |
C# | 10 | 17739.6884 |
D | 10 | 18794.5451 |
Eb | 10 | 19912.1270 |
E | 10 | 21096.1636 |
F | 10 | 22350.6068 |
F# | 10 | 23679.6431 |
G | 10 | 25087.7079 |
G# | 10 | 26579.5006 |
A | 10 | 28160.0000 |
Bb | 10 | 29834.4807 |
B | 10 | 31608.5313 |